Soil Organic Carbon,Biochar, and Applicable Research Results for Increasing Farm Productivity under Australian Agricultural Conditions

The conversion of vegetative biomass waste to biochar (biologically derived charcoal) is a source of carbon (C) that can be used to increase the level of soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural soils. This review collates available research into the effects of biologically derived C species with respect to the direct and indirect effects on agricultural productivity and their potential for use in Western Australian agricultural systems. There is a growing requirement to quantify the effect of specific biochar applications for agroecological purposes and to verify biosequestered C for climate-change-mitigation activities. This work provides a review and assessment of safe biochar application rates and examines the present levels of scientific uncertainty surrounding the efficacy and reliability of applying biochar to soils in relation to crop productivity.     

不同工艺饲用基质对奶牛生产性能的影响

通过不同生物发酵工艺研究食用菌培养基质开发生态饲料的生产工艺。经对不同工艺食用菌培养基质营养成分和卫生安全主要指标检测及饲养试验筛选，以“活力菌＋糖＋米糠＋水”组合半固体糖化微生物发酵处理工艺效果较明显，发酵时间以7～15d为宜。粗蛋白和粗脂肪分别为14．8％和6．03％，比发酵前增加3．13％和5．12％。粗纤维26．57％，比发酵前降低5．5％。奶牛试验设4个工艺，20％饲用基质试验组与对照组，该工艺组奶料比最高，比对照组高0．56％。     

Isolation of Salmonella Organisms from Commercial Layer Houses Where the Flocks Were Molted with a Wheat Bran Diet

To develop an alternative method to feed withdrawal for molting layers, 2 flocks consisting of approximately 26,000 commercial laying hens each at 478 (68 wk, flock 1) and 466 (67 wk, flock 2) d of age were reared in an environmentally controlled windowless house and were fed wheat bran (WB) diet. Flock 1 hens were fed WB for 25 d, and flock 2 hens were fed WB for 21 d and then fed a mixture of WB and layer feed (1:1, wt:wt) for the last 4 d of the treatment. After that, the birds in both flocks were fed a normal layer feed. The photoperiod was reduced from 16 to 9 h in both flocks. Most of the birds in both flocks ceased egg production by 10 to 15 d of feeding the WB diets. Egg production in flock 1 gradually increased to 11.4% by 31 to 40 d and 71.4% by 41 to 50 d of the treatment, whereas the egg production in flock 2 hens lagged behind by almost 10 d. The mean egg production from 61 to 140 d exceeded 86% in both flocks. The houses in the farm were naturally contaminated with several serovars of Salmonella, not Enteriditis or Typhimurium. In both flocks with the WB treatment, no marked increase in Salmonella isolation from environmental samples was observed postmolt relative to premolt levels. The study demonstrated that feeding hens WB could be successfully used as an alternative to feed withdrawal to force-rest aging hens while not exacerbating a Salmonella problem in a commercial egg-production setting.     

平菇菌丝生长速度的亲子相关及配合力分析

本文选用10个平菇菌种单孢分离菌株,进行了多菌种、二菌种和菌种内三组4×4不完全双列杂交,采用试管平面培养基测定菌丝生长速度。结果表明,菌株间菌丝生长速度差异极显著,试管平面培养基测定菌丝生长速度误差小;亲本单孢菌株与后代杂交菌株菌丝生长速度间不相关;一般配合力、特殊配合力差异均显著,菌种间杂交非加性效应占优势,菌种内交配以加性效应为主。本研究共选出菌丝生长速度配合力高的单孢菌株4个,杂交组合5个。     

生物炭对干旱胁迫下咖啡苗生长及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

为明确在干旱胁迫下施用生物炭对咖啡苗生长及非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量的影响，以正常水分处理（W1：土壤水分为最大持水量的65%~70%，不施用生物炭；W2：土壤水分为最大持水量的65%~70%，施用相当于烘干土质量5%的生物炭）为对照，设置不同生物炭处理（D1：不施生物炭；D2：施用量为干土质量的5%）下进行持续干旱与复水的盆栽试验，干旱与复水共设4个处理，分别为持续干旱9 d（DL）、持续干旱13 d（DS）、持续干旱9 d+复水后3 d（DL+R）、持续干旱13 d+复水后3 d（DS+R），分析各器官（根、茎、叶）干物质量、NSC组分含量及其质量的变化。结果表明：与正常水分处理（W1）相比，持续干旱9 d时（DL），D1处理咖啡苗叶的可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC比率分别下降22.5%、21.1%和21.1%，根的可溶性糖含量和NSC比率分别显著提高8.7%和62.8%，茎的可溶性糖含量和NSC比率分别显著提高22.0%和28.2%。持续干旱13 d时（DS），D1处理较W1处理的根、茎、叶干质量和总干物质量分别下降30.6%、22.2%、34.8%和30.8%，叶的NSC含量和NSC比率分别下降23.7%和16.4%，根的NSC含量和NSC比率分别增加33.8%和57.9%；生物炭处理（D2）较不施生物炭的处理（D1）总干质量增加16.7%，根的NSC含量和茎的NSC比率分别下降18.0%和24.1%，叶的NSC含量和NSC比率分别增加22.8%和15.0%。持续干旱9 d复水后3 d时（DL+R），生物炭处理（D2）对各器官NSC含量恢复作用显著，且与正常水分处理（W1）间无显著差异；干旱13 d复水后3 d时（DS+R），不施生物炭处理（D1）的咖啡苗生长未恢复，而生物炭处理（D2）对咖啡苗恢复作用显著，D2较D1处理的总干质量增加20.3%，叶的NSC含量增加22.7%，根和茎的NSC含量分别下降11.8%和15.3%。可见，施用生物炭是增强咖啡抗旱性和减缓咖啡NSC组分剧烈变化的有效途径。     

大棚畦床栽培蘑菇高产的实践与体会

根据一定规模的实践，研究总结出一套成功的大棚畦床栽培蘑茹高产高效技术，具体介绍了大棚构建、畦床制作、堆料配制、适宜播期、优良品种、营养液、相对湿度、棚温和料温管理等的操作关键。文中还就适宜播期、种植方式、保湿越冬和适时补充营养液等关键技术进行了讨论。     

草菇床栽料面保湿对菌丝生长和生物效率的影响

在西双版纳6～7月,对草菇菇房空间及菇床料面的喷雾温水保湿试验结果:喷30～45℃温水可保持料面湿润,促进培菌期草菇菌丝生长,促进出菇,不影响幼菇蕾生长,喷温水后菇产量为对照(菇床料面不喷温水)的280%～332%。     

丽水香菇产业发展与森林资源利用状况分析

通过对丽水市香菇产业形成和发展情况与森林资源的利用状况的研究分析,认为香菇产业发展与森林资源的利用和保护存在着相互依存、相互作用的关系.     

Co-application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer with biochar influences soil quality,grain yield and net income of rice

Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded, compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment. A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality, grain yield of rice and net income. The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha^–1. The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention, organic matter content, percent nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity. Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone, treated soils showed a decrease in pH. Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order: compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control. The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order: compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control. The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income, but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.     

金属氧化物改性生物炭对镉污染土壤菠菜生长和镉积累的影响

对重金属具有良好吸附能力的金属氧化物改性生物炭材料是近年来热门的土壤修复材料,然而关于不同金属氧化物改性生物炭对土壤中Cd钝化的研究较少。本研究采用Cd污染农田土壤开展菠菜盆栽试验,研究了铁氧体改性生物炭、磁铁矿改性生物炭和水滑石改性生物炭对菠菜生长和Cd积累的影响。结果表明：在施用量均为5 g·kg^-1的条件下,金属氧化物改性生物炭处理可显著提高土壤pH和有机质含量。与对照相比,铁氧体改性生物炭、磁铁矿改性生物炭和水滑石改性生物炭使土壤DTPA-Cd含量分别降低了23.4%、24.8%和37.1%,生物富集系数降低了4.00%、13.3%和65.0%。此外,水滑石改性生物炭使植株干质量增加4.27倍,显著降低了Cd积累量（59.5%）。金属氧化物改性生物炭能提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机质含量,降低土壤Cd的有效性和移动性,提高土壤质量,进而促进菠菜的生长和抑制菠菜对Cd的积累。研究表明,水滑石改性生物炭在促进菠菜生长和钝化土壤Cd方面具有较大优势。